Bootloader

Поле bootloader описывает метод, который будет использоваться для загрузки вашей системы. Компьютеры на базе процессоров Intel могут загружаться в "устаревшем" режиме BIOS, как в примере выше. Однако более современные машины используют для загрузки Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI). В этом случае поле bootloader должно содержать примерно следующее:

(bootloader-configuration
  (bootloader grub-efi-bootloader)
  (targets '("/boot/efi")))

See Настройка загрузчика, для получения дополнительной информации о доступных параметрах конфигурации.

Globally-Visible Packages

В поле packages перечислены пакеты, которые будут глобально видны в системе, для всех учетных записей пользователей - т.е. в переменной окружения PATH каждого пользователя - в дополнение к профилям для каждого пользователя (see Вызов guix package). Переменная %base-packages предоставляет все инструменты, которые можно ожидать для выполнения основных задач пользователя и администратора, включая GNU Core Utilities, GNU Networking Utilities, легкий текстовый редактор mg, find, grep и т.д. В примере выше к ним добавляется GNU Screen, взятый из модуля (gnu packages screen) (see Пакетные модули). Синтаксис (list package output) можно использовать для добавления конкретного вывода пакета:

(use-modules (gnu packages))
(use-modules (gnu packages dns))

(operating-system
  ;; ...
  (packages (cons (list isc-bind "utils")
                  %base-packages)))

Referring to packages by variable name, like isc-bind above, has the advantage of being unambiguous; it also allows typos and such to be diagnosed right away as “unbound variables”. The downside is that one needs to know which module defines which package, and to augment the use-package-modules line accordingly. To avoid that, one can use the specification->package procedure of the (gnu packages) module, which returns the best package for a given name or name and version:

(use-modules (gnu packages))

(operating-system
  ;; ...
  (packages (append (map specification->package
                         '("tcpdump" "htop" "gnupg@2.0"))
                    %base-packages)))

When a package has more than one output it can be a challenge to refer to a specific output instead of just to the standard out output. For these situations one can use the specifications->packages procedure from the (gnu packages) module. For example:

(use-modules (gnu packages))

(operating-system
  ;; ...
  (packages (append (specifications->packages
                      '("git" "git:send-email"))
                    %base-packages)))

System Services

The services field lists system services to be made available when the system starts (see Сервисы). The operating-system declaration above specifies that, in addition to the basic services, we want the OpenSSH secure shell daemon listening on port 2222 (see openssh-service-type). Under the hood, openssh-service-type arranges so that sshd is started with the right command-line options, possibly with supporting configuration files generated as needed (see Создание служб).

Occasionally, instead of using the base services as is, you will want to customize them. To do this, use modify-services (see modify-services) to modify the list.

For example, suppose you want to modify guix-daemon and Mingetty (the console log-in) in the %base-services list (see %base-services). To do that, you can write the following in your operating system declaration:

(define %my-services
  ;; My very own list of services.
  (modify-services %base-services
    (guix-service-type config =>
                       (guix-configuration
                        (inherit config)
                        ;; Fetch substitutes from example.org.
                        (substitute-urls
                          (list "https://example.org/guix"
                                "https://ci.guix.gnu.org"))))
    (mingetty-service-type config =>
                           (mingetty-configuration
                            (inherit config)
                            ;; Automatically log in as "guest".
                            (auto-login "guest")))))

(operating-system
  ;; …
  (services %my-services))

This changes the configuration—i.e., the service parameters—of the guix-service-type instance, and that of all the mingetty-service-type instances in the %base-services list (see see the cookbook for how to auto-login one user to a specific TTY in GNU Guix Cookbook)). Observe how this is accomplished: first, we arrange for the original configuration to be bound to the identifier config in the body, and then we write the body so that it evaluates to the desired configuration. In particular, notice how we use inherit to create a new configuration which has the same values as the old configuration, but with a few modifications.

The configuration for a typical “desktop” usage, with an encrypted root partition, a swap file on the root partition, the X11 display server, GNOME and Xfce (users can choose which of these desktop environments to use at the log-in screen by pressing F1), network management, power management, and more, would look like this:

;; -*- mode: scheme; -*-
;; This is an operating system configuration template
;; for a "desktop" setup with GNOME and Xfce where the
;; root partition is encrypted with LUKS, and a swap file.

(use-modules (gnu) (gnu system nss) (guix utils))
(use-service-modules desktop sddm xorg)
(use-package-modules gnome)

(operating-system
  (host-name "antelope")
  (timezone "Europe/Paris")
  (locale "en_US.utf8")

  ;; Choose US English keyboard layout.  The "altgr-intl"
  ;; variant provides dead keys for accented characters.
  (keyboard-layout (keyboard-layout "us" "altgr-intl"))

  ;; Use the UEFI variant of GRUB with the EFI System
  ;; Partition mounted on /boot/efi.
  (bootloader (bootloader-configuration
                (bootloader grub-efi-bootloader)
                (targets '("/boot/efi"))
                (keyboard-layout keyboard-layout)))

  ;; Specify a mapped device for the encrypted root partition.
  ;; The UUID is that returned by 'cryptsetup luksUUID'.
  (mapped-devices
   (list (mapped-device
          (source (uuid "12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc"))
          (target "my-root")
          (type luks-device-mapping))))

  (file-systems (append
                 (list (file-system
                         (device (file-system-label "my-root"))
                         (mount-point "/")
                         (type "ext4")
                         (dependencies mapped-devices))
                       (file-system
                         (device (uuid "1234-ABCD" 'fat))
                         (mount-point "/boot/efi")
                         (type "vfat")))
                 %base-file-systems))

  ;; Specify a swap file for the system, which resides on the
  ;; root file system.
  (swap-devices (list (swap-space
                       (target "/swapfile"))))

  ;; Create user `bob' with `alice' as its initial password.
  (users (cons (user-account
                (name "bob")
                (comment "Alice's brother")
                (password (crypt "alice" "$6$abc"))
                (group "students")
                (supplementary-groups '("wheel" "netdev"
                                        "audio" "video")))
               %base-user-accounts))

  ;; Add the `students' group
  (groups (cons* (user-group
                  (name "students"))
                 %base-groups))

  ;; This is where we specify system-wide packages.
  (packages (append (list
                     ;; for user mounts
                     gvfs)
                    %base-packages))

  ;; Add GNOME and Xfce---we can choose at the log-in screen
  ;; by clicking the gear.  Use the "desktop" services, which
  ;; include the X11 log-in service, networking with
  ;; NetworkManager, and more.
  (services (if (target-x86-64?)
                (append (list (service gnome-desktop-service-type)
                              (service xfce-desktop-service-type)
                              (set-xorg-configuration
                               (xorg-configuration
                                (keyboard-layout keyboard-layout))))
                        %desktop-services)

                ;; FIXME: Since GDM depends on Rust (gdm -> gnome-shell -> gjs
                ;; -> mozjs -> rust) and Rust is currently unavailable on
                ;; non-x86_64 platforms, we use SDDM and Mate here instead of
                ;; GNOME and GDM.
                (append (list (service mate-desktop-service-type)
                              (service xfce-desktop-service-type)
                              (set-xorg-configuration
                               (xorg-configuration
                                (keyboard-layout keyboard-layout))
                               sddm-service-type))
                        %desktop-services)))

  ;; Allow resolution of '.local' host names with mDNS.
  (name-service-switch %mdns-host-lookup-nss))

A graphical system with a choice of lightweight window managers instead of full-blown desktop environments would look like this:

;; -*- mode: scheme; -*-
;; This is an operating system configuration template
;; for a "desktop" setup without full-blown desktop
;; environments.

(use-modules (gnu) (gnu system nss))
(use-service-modules desktop)
(use-package-modules bootloaders emacs emacs-xyz ratpoison suckless wm
                     xorg)

(operating-system
  (host-name "antelope")
  (timezone "Europe/Paris")
  (locale "en_US.utf8")

  ;; Use the UEFI variant of GRUB with the EFI System
  ;; Partition mounted on /boot/efi.
  (bootloader (bootloader-configuration
                (bootloader grub-efi-bootloader)
                (targets '("/boot/efi"))))

  ;; Assume the target root file system is labelled "my-root",
  ;; and the EFI System Partition has UUID 1234-ABCD.
  (file-systems (append
                 (list (file-system
                         (device (file-system-label "my-root"))
                         (mount-point "/")
                         (type "ext4"))
                       (file-system
                         (device (uuid "1234-ABCD" 'fat))
                         (mount-point "/boot/efi")
                         (type "vfat")))
                 %base-file-systems))

  (users (cons (user-account
                (name "alice")
                (comment "Bob's sister")
                (group "users")
                (supplementary-groups '("wheel" "netdev"
                                        "audio" "video")))
               %base-user-accounts))

  ;; Add a bunch of window managers; we can choose one at
  ;; the log-in screen with F1.
  (packages (append (list
                     ;; window managers
                     ratpoison i3-wm i3status dmenu
                     emacs emacs-exwm emacs-desktop-environment
                     ;; terminal emulator
                     xterm)
                    %base-packages))

  ;; Use the "desktop" services, which include the X11
  ;; log-in service, networking with NetworkManager, and more.
  (services %desktop-services)

  ;; Allow resolution of '.local' host names with mDNS.
  (name-service-switch %mdns-host-lookup-nss))

This example refers to the /boot/efi file system by its UUID, 1234-ABCD. Replace this UUID with the right UUID on your system, as returned by the blkid command.

See Сервисы рабочего стола, for the exact list of services provided by %desktop-services.

Again, %desktop-services is just a list of service objects. If you want to remove services from there, you can do so using the procedures for list filtering (see SRFI-1 Filtering and Partitioning in GNU Guile Reference Manual). For instance, the following expression returns a list that contains all the services in %desktop-services minus the Avahi service:

(remove (lambda (service)
          (eq? (service-kind service) avahi-service-type))
        %desktop-services)

Alternatively, the modify-services macro can be used:

(modify-services %desktop-services
  (delete avahi-service-type))

Inspecting Services

As you work on your system configuration, you might wonder why some system service doesn’t show up or why the system is not as you expected. There are several ways to inspect and troubleshoot problems.

First, you can inspect the dependency graph of Shepherd services like so:

guix system shepherd-graph /etc/config.scm | \
  guix shell xdot -- xdot -

This lets you visualize the Shepherd services as defined in /etc/config.scm. Each box is a service as would be shown by sudo herd status on the running system, and each arrow denotes a dependency (in the sense that if service A depends on B, then B must be started before A).

Not all “services” are Shepherd services though, since Guix System uses a broader definition of the term (see Сервисы). To visualize system services and their relations at a higher level, run:

guix system extension-graph /etc/config.scm | \
  guix shell xdot -- xdot -

This lets you view the service extension graph: how services “extend” each other, for instance by contributing to their configuration. See Структура сервисов, to understand the meaning of this graph.

Last, you may also find it useful to inspect your system configuration at the REPL (see Using Guix Interactively). Here is an example session:

$ guix repl
scheme@(guix-user)> ,use (gnu)
scheme@(guix-user)> (define os (load "config.scm"))
scheme@(guix-user)> ,pp (map service-kind (operating-system-services os))
$1 = (#<service-type localed cabba93>
      …)

See Интерфейс сервиса, to learn about the Scheme interface to manipulate and inspect services.

Instantiating the System

Assuming the operating-system declaration is stored in the config.scm file, the sudo guix system reconfigure config.scm command instantiates that configuration, and makes it the default boot entry. See Начало работы, for an overview.

The normal way to change the system configuration is by updating this file and re-running guix system reconfigure. One should never have to touch files in /etc or to run commands that modify the system state such as useradd or grub-install. In fact, you must avoid that since that would not only void your warranty but also prevent you from rolling back to previous versions of your system, should you ever need to.

The Programming Interface

At the Scheme level, the bulk of an operating-system declaration is instantiated with the following monadic procedure (see Устройство склада):

Monadic Procedure: operating-system-derivation os

Return a derivation that builds os, an operating-system object (see Деривации).

The output of the derivation is a single directory that refers to all the packages, configuration files, and other supporting files needed to instantiate os.

This procedure is provided by the (gnu system) module. Along with (gnu services) (see Сервисы), this module contains the guts of Guix System. Make sure to visit it!