Guix

Creating bundles with guix pack

Ludovic Courtès — 2017年03月20日

Guix just got a new command, dubbed guix pack, which we think many developers will find useful.

Last week we were celebrating the release of GNU Guile 2.2.0, the Scheme implementation that powers Guix. This is a major milestone and Guile developers naturally wanted to make it easy for users to discover all the goodies of 2.2.0 as soon as possible. One of the major roadblocks to that, as for any non-trivial piece of software, is deployment: because your distro is unlikely to have Guile 2.2.0 packaged on Day 1, you have to build it by yourself, which means getting the right dependencies installed and then building Guile itself. That’s not difficult for a developer, but it’s certainly cumbersome.

Andy Wingo, the driving force behind Guile, thought that it would be nice to propose a binary tarball of Guile 2.2.0 on the day of its release. Guix had already been providing binary tarballs for a couple of years, so why not do the same for Guile? Essentially, the new guix pack command is a generalization of what Guix was already using.

Making packs

So how does it work? The basic idea is simple: you type

guix pack guile

and the command returns in /gnu/store a good old tarball that contains binaries for Guile and all its dependencies. If you run, say,

guix pack guile emacs geiser

then you get a complete “Guile SDK” containing Guile, Emacs, Geiser, and all their dependencies.

When you extract the tarball, you get a /gnu/store directory with a bunch of sub-directories with these long hashes, one of which is the “profile” containing Guile, Emacs, and Geiser.

You wouldn’t want to ask users to type /gnu/store/war325pv1iixj13k6y8yplzagpknfn0c-profile/bin/guile to launch Guile, though. So guix pack has a command-line option to create symlinks in the image.

guix pack -S /opt/gnu/bin=bin guile emacs geiser

The command above creates a /opt/gnu/bin symlink to the bin directory of the profile in the tarball, such that users can simply type /opt/gnu/bin/guile to run Guile.

Recipients of a binary tarball are expected to either extract it in their root file system (yes!) where it will create /gnu and /opt/gnu in this case:

# cd /
# tar xf /path/to/pack.tar.gz
# /opt/gnu/bin/guile --version
guile (GNU Guile) 2.2.0

… or they can chroot into it, possibly relying on user namespaces and thereby avoiding root privileges:

$ mkdir /tmp/pack
$ cd /tmp/pack
$ tar xf /path/to/pack.tar.gz
$ unshare -mrf chroot . /opt/gnu/bin/guile --version
guile (GNU Guile) 2.2.0

The good thing with this is that, because Guix captures the complete dependency graph of packages, the tarball contains everything that’s needed to run Guile and is going to work in exactly the same way on any system that runs the kernel Linux!

Bells and whistles

Of course a popular approach to run such “application bundles” is Docker. Since the image format for Docker is documented and fairly easy to produce, we added an option to produce images in this format (Ricardo Wurmus initially contributed Docker support for the low-level guix archive tool but we found that it made more sense to have it in guix pack):

guix pack -f docker -S /opt/gnu=/ guile emacs geiser

The resulting tarball can be passed to docker load, and people can then use docker run to actually run the application.

One of the goodies that comes for free is cross-compilation: Guix supports cross-compilation, so you can create a pack consisting of software cross-compiled for a given platform, specified by the usual GNU triplet. For example, the following command creates a pack with binaries for GNU/Linux on ARMv7:

guix pack --target=arm-linux-gnueabihf guile

… while the command below creates a pack with Windows binaries using the MinGW cross-compiler:

guix pack --target=i686-w64-mingw32 guile

All the package transformation options that Guix supports are available to guix pack. Let’s say you’re a developer of a large piece of software such as a web browser like IceCat and you’d like your users to test whether the current master branch actually fixes the bug you attempted to fix. In this case, you can build a pack of IceCat, but replace the source that’s specified in the distribution with the snapshot of master you’re interested in:

guix pack icecat --with-source=./icecat-48.8.0.master.tar.gz

Of course the resulting pack is going to be pretty big in this case, but I’m sure the general pattern can be useful.

Wait, didn’t you say that “app bundles get it wrong”?

It turns out that we Guix developers have been saying that binary “application bundles” à la Docker are problematic for a number of reasons:

1. Composability: each bundle comes with a complete operating system, minus the kernel, and there is little or no sharing happening among bundles, notably in terms of disk space and memory usage.
2. Security updates: since an “app bundle” is essentially a complete operating system, one has to be careful and apply security updates to all the software in each bundle. Unfortunately, that doesn’t always happen as has been famously reported on several occasions.
3. Reproducibility: Docker images, for instance, are often hardly “reproducible” in the sense of a reproducible build process. First, Dockerfiles start out with a “base layer” that is typically a huge binary blob of some major distro. On top of that, they run a number of commands such as apt-get install whose result likely depends on the time at which they are run. Docker’s best practices document suggests ways to mitigate the problem, such as “version pinning”, but the whole approach remains rather brittle.
4. Experimentation: Once you have this big binary blob, sure you can run the application you wanted, but you can do little more than that—you may or may not be able to find the corresponding source code, and you’d have a hard time fiddling with one of the components of the software stack.

We pride ourselves with having a tool set that caters to some of the use cases that “app bundles” and “containerization” try to address while having none of these drawbacks. So how do Guix packs fit into that picture?

First of all, the intended use case is different: we view guix pack as a tool that makes it easy to try out a piece of software on a non-Guix machine. But it is clear that for production, our recommendation is to use Guix directly, to get security updates and generally address all the above issues. :-)

That said, let’s see how these issues affect Guix packs. First, composability of Guix packs turns out to be pretty good. If you receive two different Guix packs for different pieces of software, you can unpack both in your root directory (or union-mount them in the same place): packages that differ have a different /gnu/store file name with a different hash, so they won’t collide; packages that are identical (say the C library or GTK+) will have the same /gnu/store file name so they’ll actually be shared.

That means that for security updates, you could always fetch a new pack of your application with the security updates and extract it in place. However, that requires you as a user to manually pay attention to vulnerabilities in all the software that comes with the pack, so clearly you’re better off using Guix instead and regularly upgrading. No wonders.

Packs themselves are reproducible bit-by-bit. If you know the Guix commit that was used to build a given pack, you can thus run the same guix pack command on another machine and verify that you get the exact same tarball. Currently not 100% of the packages Guix provides are reproducible bit-by-bit; we’re getting closer to that goal though, in part due to the fact that Guix builds are isolated by default, and also thanks to the efforts of everyone in the Reproducible Builds project to address sources of non-determinism in free software.

Because Guix packs are reproducible, you can not only reproduce the exact same pack but also create packs with variants of the software—for instance, changing the version of one of the packages in the stack. Of course this part requires you to have Guix installed somewhere, but at least you can easily fiddle with the software stack and “compile” your own variant of the software stack down to a new pack.

We hope you’ll enjoy packs and Guix, and would welcome your feedback on the guix-devel mailing list and on #guix on Freenode!

About GNU Guix

GNU Guix is a transactional package manager for the GNU system. The Guix System Distribution or GuixSD is an advanced distribution of the GNU system that relies on GNU Guix and respects the user's freedom.

In addition to standard package management features, Guix supports transactional upgrades and roll-backs, unprivileged package management, per-user profiles, and garbage collection. Guix uses low-level mechanisms from the Nix package manager, except that packages are defined as native Guile modules, using extensions to the Scheme language. GuixSD offers a declarative approach to operating system configuration management, and is highly customizable and hackable.

GuixSD can be used on an i686 or x86_64 machine. It is also possible to use Guix on top of an already installed GNU/Linux system, including on mips64el and armv7.