7.2 Invoking guix environment

The purpose of guix environment is to assist in creating development environments.

Deprecation warning: The guix environment command is deprecated in favor of guix shell, which performs similar functions but is more convenient to use. See 调用guix shell.

Being deprecated, guix environment is slated for eventual removal, but the Guix project is committed to keeping it until May 1st, 2023. Please get in touch with us at guix-devel@gnu.org if you would like to discuss it.

The general syntax is:

guix environment options package…

The following example spawns a new shell set up for the development of GNU Guile:

guix environment guile

If the needed dependencies are not built yet, guix environment automatically builds them. The environment of the new shell is an augmented version of the environment that guix environment was run in. It contains the necessary search paths for building the given package added to the existing environment variables. To create a “pure” environment, in which the original environment variables have been unset, use the --pure option¹⁶.

Exiting from a Guix environment is the same as exiting from the shell, and will place the user back in the old environment before guix environment was invoked. The next garbage collection (see Invoking guix gc) will clean up packages that were installed from within the environment and are no longer used outside of it.

guix environment defines the GUIX_ENVIRONMENT variable in the shell it spawns; its value is the file name of the profile of this environment. This allows users to, say, define a specific prompt for development environments in their .bashrc (see Bash Startup Files in The GNU Bash Reference Manual):

if [ -n "$GUIX_ENVIRONMENT" ]
then
    export PS1="\u@\h \w [dev]\$ "
fi

... or to browse the profile:

$ ls "$GUIX_ENVIRONMENT/bin"

Additionally, more than one package may be specified, in which case the union of the inputs for the given packages are used. For example, the command below spawns a shell where all of the dependencies of both Guile and Emacs are available:

guix environment guile emacs

Sometimes an interactive shell session is not desired. An arbitrary command may be invoked by placing the -- token to separate the command from the rest of the arguments:

guix environment guile -- make -j4

In other situations, it is more convenient to specify the list of packages needed in the environment. For example, the following command runs python from an environment containing Python 3 and NumPy:

guix environment --ad-hoc python-numpy python -- python3

Furthermore, one might want the dependencies of a package and also some additional packages that are not build-time or runtime dependencies, but are useful when developing nonetheless. Because of this, the --ad-hoc flag is positional. Packages appearing before --ad-hoc are interpreted as packages whose dependencies will be added to the environment. Packages appearing after are interpreted as packages that will be added to the environment directly. For example, the following command creates a Guix development environment that additionally includes Git and strace:

guix environment --pure guix --ad-hoc git strace

Sometimes it is desirable to isolate the environment as much as possible, for maximal purity and reproducibility. In particular, when using Guix on a host distro that is not Guix System, it is desirable to prevent access to /usr/bin and other system-wide resources from the development environment. For example, the following command spawns a Guile REPL in a “container” where only the store and the current working directory are mounted:

guix environment --ad-hoc --container guile -- guile

注: The --container option requires Linux-libre 3.19 or newer.

Another typical use case for containers is to run security-sensitive applications such as a web browser. To run Eolie, we must expose and share some files and directories; we include nss-certs and expose /etc/ssl/certs/ for HTTPS authentication; finally we preserve the DISPLAY environment variable since containerized graphical applications won’t display without it.

guix environment --preserve='^DISPLAY$' --container --network \
  --expose=/etc/machine-id \
  --expose=/etc/ssl/certs/ \
  --share=$HOME/.local/share/eolie/=$HOME/.local/share/eolie/ \
  --ad-hoc eolie nss-certs dbus --  eolie

The available options are summarized below.

--check

Set up the environment and check whether the shell would clobber environment variables. See --check, for more info.

--root=file ¶

-r file

Make file a symlink to the profile for this environment, and register it as a garbage collector root.

This is useful if you want to protect your environment from garbage collection, to make it “persistent”.

When this option is omitted, the environment is protected from garbage collection only for the duration of the guix environment session. This means that next time you recreate the same environment, you could have to rebuild or re-download packages. See Invoking guix gc, for more on GC roots.

--expression=expr

-e expr

Create an environment for the package or list of packages that expr evaluates to.

For example, running:

guix environment -e '(@ (gnu packages maths) petsc-openmpi)'

starts a shell with the environment for this specific variant of the PETSc package.

Running:

guix environment --ad-hoc -e '(@ (gnu) %base-packages)'

starts a shell with all the base system packages available.

The above commands only use the default output of the given packages. To select other outputs, two element tuples can be specified:

guix environment --ad-hoc -e '(list (@ (gnu packages bash) bash) "include")'

--load=file

-l file

Create an environment for the package or list of packages that the code within file evaluates to.

As an example, file might contain a definition like this (see 定义软件包):

(use-modules (guix)
             (gnu packages gdb)
             (gnu packages autotools)
             (gnu packages texinfo))

;; Augment the package definition of GDB with the build tools
;; needed when developing GDB (and which are not needed when
;; simply installing it.)
(package
  (inherit gdb)
  (native-inputs (modify-inputs (package-native-inputs gdb)
                   (prepend autoconf-2.69 automake texinfo))))

--manifest=file

-m file

Create an environment for the packages contained in the manifest object returned by the Scheme code in file. This option can be repeated several times, in which case the manifests are concatenated.

This is similar to the same-named option in guix package (see --manifest) and uses the same manifest files.

See guix shell --export-manifest, for information on how to “convert” command-line options into a manifest.

--ad-hoc

Include all specified packages in the resulting environment, as if an ad hoc package were defined with them as inputs. This option is useful for quickly creating an environment without having to write a package expression to contain the desired inputs.

For instance, the command:

guix environment --ad-hoc guile guile-sdl -- guile

runs guile in an environment where Guile and Guile-SDL are available.

Note that this example implicitly asks for the default output of guile and guile-sdl, but it is possible to ask for a specific output—e.g., glib:bin asks for the bin output of glib (see 有多个输出的软件包).

This option may be composed with the default behavior of guix environment. Packages appearing before --ad-hoc are interpreted as packages whose dependencies will be added to the environment, the default behavior. Packages appearing after are interpreted as packages that will be added to the environment directly.

--profile=profile

-p profile

Create an environment containing the packages installed in profile. Use guix package (see Invoking guix package) to create and manage profiles.

--pure

Unset existing environment variables when building the new environment, except those specified with --preserve (see below). This has the effect of creating an environment in which search paths only contain package inputs.

--preserve=regexp

-E regexp

When used alongside --pure, preserve the environment variables matching regexp—in other words, put them on a “white list” of environment variables that must be preserved. This option can be repeated several times.

guix environment --pure --preserve=^SLURM --ad-hoc openmpi … \
  -- mpirun …

This example runs mpirun in a context where the only environment variables defined are PATH, environment variables whose name starts with ‘SLURM’, as well as the usual “precious” variables (HOME, USER, etc.).

--search-paths

Display the environment variable definitions that make up the environment.

--system=system

-s system

Attempt to build for system—e.g., i686-linux.

--container ¶

-C

Run command within an isolated container. The current working directory outside the container is mapped inside the container. Additionally, unless overridden with --user, a dummy home directory is created that matches the current user’s home directory, and /etc/passwd is configured accordingly.

The spawned process runs as the current user outside the container. Inside the container, it has the same UID and GID as the current user, unless --user is passed (see below).

--network

-N

For containers, share the network namespace with the host system. Containers created without this flag only have access to the loopback device.

--link-profile

-P

For containers, link the environment profile to ~/.guix-profile within the container and set GUIX_ENVIRONMENT to that. This is equivalent to making ~/.guix-profile a symlink to the actual profile within the container. Linking will fail and abort the environment if the directory already exists, which will certainly be the case if guix environment was invoked in the user’s home directory.

Certain packages are configured to look in ~/.guix-profile for configuration files and data;¹⁷ --link-profile allows these programs to behave as expected within the environment.

--user=user

-u user

For containers, use the username user in place of the current user. The generated /etc/passwd entry within the container will contain the name user, the home directory will be /home/user, and no user GECOS data will be copied. Furthermore, the UID and GID inside the container are 1000. user need not exist on the system.

Additionally, any shared or exposed path (see --share and --expose respectively) whose target is within the current user’s home directory will be remapped relative to /home/USER; this includes the automatic mapping of the current working directory.

# will expose paths as /home/foo/wd, /home/foo/test, and /home/foo/target
cd $HOME/wd
guix environment --container --user=foo \
     --expose=$HOME/test \
     --expose=/tmp/target=$HOME/target

While this will limit the leaking of user identity through home paths and each of the user fields, this is only one useful component of a broader privacy/anonymity solution—not one in and of itself.

--no-cwd

For containers, the default behavior is to share the current working directory with the isolated container and immediately change to that directory within the container. If this is undesirable, --no-cwd will cause the current working directory to not be automatically shared and will change to the user’s home directory within the container instead. See also --user.

--expose=source[=target]

--share=source[=target]

For containers, --expose (resp. --share) exposes the file system source from the host system as the read-only (resp. writable) file system target within the container. If target is not specified, source is used as the target mount point in the container.

The example below spawns a Guile REPL in a container in which the user’s home directory is accessible read-only via the /exchange directory:

guix environment --container --expose=$HOME=/exchange --ad-hoc guile -- guile

--emulate-fhs

-F

For containers, emulate a Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) configuration within the container, see the official specification. As Guix deviates from the FHS specification, this option sets up the container to more closely mimic that of other GNU/Linux distributions. This is useful for reproducing other development environments, testing, and using programs which expect the FHS specification to be followed. With this option, the container will include a version of glibc which will read /etc/ld.so.cache within the container for the shared library cache (contrary to glibc in regular Guix usage) and set up the expected FHS directories: /bin, /etc, /lib, and /usr from the container’s profile.

guix environment also supports all of the common build options that guix build supports (see 普通的构建选项) as well as package transformation options (see 软件包转换选项).