11.6 Espaço de troca (swap)

Swap space, as it is commonly called, is a disk area specifically designated for paging: the process in charge of memory management (the Linux kernel or Hurd’s default pager) can decide that some memory pages stored in RAM which belong to a running program but are unused should be stored on disk instead. It unloads those from the RAM, freeing up precious fast memory, and writes them to the swap space. If the program tries to access that very page, the memory management process loads it back into memory for the program to use.

A common misconception about swap is that it is only useful when small amounts of RAM are available to the system. However, it should be noted that kernels often use all available RAM for disk access caching to make I/O faster, and thus paging out unused portions of program memory will expand the RAM available for such caching.

For a more detailed description of how memory is managed from the viewpoint of a monolithic kernel, veja Memory Concepts em The GNU C Library Reference Manual.

The Linux kernel has support for swap partitions and swap files: the former uses a whole disk partition for paging, whereas the second uses a file on a file system for that (the file system driver needs to support it). On a comparable setup, both have the same performance, so one should consider ease of use when deciding between them. Partitions are “simpler” and do not need file system support, but need to be allocated at disk formatting time (logical volumes notwithstanding), whereas files can be allocated and deallocated at any time.

Swap space is also required to put the system into hibernation (also called suspend to disk), whereby memory is dumped to swap before shutdown so it can be restored when the machine is eventually restarted. Hibernation uses at most half the size of the RAM in the configured swap space. The Linux kernel needs to know about the swap space to be used to resume from hibernation on boot (via a kernel argument). When using a swap file, its offset in the device holding it also needs to be given to the kernel; that value has to be updated if the file is initialized again as swap—e.g., because its size was changed.

Note that swap space is not zeroed on shutdown, so sensitive data (such as passwords) may linger on it if it was paged out. As such, you should consider having your swap reside on an encrypted device (veja Dispositivos mapeados).

Data Type: swap-space

Objects of this type represent swap spaces. They contain the following members:

target

The device or file to use, either a UUID, a file-system-label or a string, as in the definition of a file-system (veja Sistemas de arquivos).

dependencies (default: '())

A list of file-system or mapped-device objects, upon which the availability of the space depends. Note that just like for file-system objects, dependencies which are needed for boot and mounted in early userspace are not managed by the Shepherd, and so automatically filtered out for you.

priority (default: #f)

Only supported by the Linux kernel. Either #f to disable swap priority, or an integer between 0 and 32767. The kernel will first use swap spaces of higher priority when paging, and use same priority spaces on a round-robin basis. The kernel will use swap spaces without a set priority after prioritized spaces, and in the order that they appeared in (not round-robin).

discard? (default: #f)

Only supported by the Linux kernel. When true, the kernel will notify the disk controller of discarded pages, for example with the TRIM operation on Solid State Drives.

Here are some examples:

(swap-space (target (uuid "4dab5feb-d176-45de-b287-9b0a6e4c01cb")))

Use the swap partition with the given UUID. You can learn the UUID of a Linux swap partition by running swaplabel device, where device is the /dev file name of that partition.

(swap-space
  (target (file-system-label "swap"))
  (dependencies mapped-devices))

Use the partition with label swap, which can be found after all the mapped-devices mapped devices have been opened. Again, the swaplabel command allows you to view and change the label of a Linux swap partition.

Here’s a more involved example with the corresponding file-systems part of an operating-system declaration.

(file-systems
  (list (file-system
          (device (file-system-label "root"))
          (mount-point "/")
          (type "ext4"))
        (file-system
          (device (file-system-label "btrfs"))
          (mount-point "/btrfs")
          (type "btrfs"))))

(swap-devices
  (list
    (swap-space
      (target "/btrfs/swapfile")
      (dependencies (filter (file-system-mount-point-predicate "/btrfs")
                            file-systems)))))

Use the file /btrfs/swapfile as swap space, which depends on the file system mounted at /btrfs. Note how we use Guile’s filter to select the file system in an elegant fashion!

(swap-devices
  (list
    (swap-space
      (target "/dev/mapper/my-swap")
      (dependencies mapped-devices))))

(kernel-arguments
  (cons* "resume=/dev/mapper/my-swap"
         %default-kernel-arguments))

The above snippet of an operating-system declaration enables the mapped device /dev/mapper/my-swap (which may be part of an encrypted device) as swap space, and tells the kernel to use it for hibernation via the resume kernel argument (veja operating-system Reference, kernel-arguments).

(swap-devices
  (list
    (swap-space
      (target "/swapfile")
      (dependencies (filter (file-system-mount-point-predicate "/")
                            file-systems)))))

(kernel-arguments
  (cons* "resume=/dev/sda3"        ;device that holds /swapfile
         "resume_offset=92514304"  ;offset of /swapfile on device
         %default-kernel-arguments))

This other snippet of operating-system enables the swap file /swapfile for hibernation by telling the kernel about the partition containing it (resume argument) and its offset on that partition (resume_offset argument). The latter value can be found in the output of the command filefrag -e as the first number right under the physical_offset column header (the second command extracts its value directly):

$ sudo filefrag -e /swapfile
Filesystem type is: ef53
File size of /swapfile is 2463842304 (601524 blocks of 4096 bytes)
 ext:     logical_offset:        physical_offset: length:   expected: flags:
   0:        0..    2047:   92514304..  92516351:   2048:
…
$ sudo filefrag -e /swapfile | grep '^ *0:' | cut -d: -f3 | cut -d. -f1
   92514304